Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many great cathedrals , abbeys and parish churches of Europe . It is also a lot of architecture castles , palaces , town halls , guild halls , universities and to less extent , private home . The term " Gothic " " Gothic architecture " does not imply historical architecture Goth . It has a wider application .
The term originated as a demeaning description. It came to be used as early as the 1530s by Giorgio Vasari to describe culture that is considered rude and barbaric . At the time Vasari wrote , Italy had experienced a century buildings in classical architectural vocabulary back in the Renaissance and seen as the finite evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement . In the 17th century English usage , " Goth " is the equivalent of " vandal " , a savage despoiler with German heritage and came to be applied to the architectural style of northern Europe before the revival of classical architecture types .
According to the 19th-century correspondent in the London Journal Notes and Queries : No doubt that the term ' Gothic ' as applied to pointed style church architecture used at first contemptuously, and in derision , by those ambitious to imitate and revive the Greek orders of architecture , after the revival of literary classics .
Authorities such as Christopher Wren lent their aid in deprecating the old medieval style , which they call Gothic , as synonymous with everything that is barbaric and rude .
Area
Gothic influences are very wide ranging European lowland kingdoms - the kingdom until the city - major cities in Europe are affected by the gothic style in every cathedral - cathedral church mupun there. Germany and the lowlands cities have grown large growth in comparative peace, in trade and competition with each other, or united for the common good, such as the Hanseatic League.
Material
Gothic material derived from the State - the State dieropa like chalk of French and English, marble from Italy, Germany and the bricks of the building skndinavia gothicnya style called "Brick Gothic"
Religion
Early medieval period has seen rapid growth in monasticism , in contrast with some common commands and their influence spread widely .
The most important is the great Benedictine abbey churches far outnumbered the other in England .
Most of their influence is that they tend to build up in the city , unlike the Cistercians whose ruined abbey seen in the remote countryside .
The Cluniac and Cistercian orders are common in France , the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which then influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries .
In the 13th century St. Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscans , or so-called " Grey Friars " , command beggars .
The Dominicans , another beggar command established in the same period but by St. Dominic in Toulouse and Bologna , were particularly influential in the development of Italy 's Gothic churches .
Characteristics of Gothic churches and cathedrals
In Gothic architecture , a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style . Those technologies are ogival or pointed arch , ribbed vault and flying support . Plan like a cross with a gothic church with a long nave making the body of the church , a transverse arm called the transept and , beyond it , an extension which may be called the choir , pulpit or rectory .high Characteristic of Gothic church architecture is high, both absolutely and in proportion to its width. One part of the main body of the Gothic church usually shows the nave as considerably taller than wide. In England the proportion is sometimes greater than 2:1, while the greatest proportional difference achieved is at Cologne Cathedral with a ratio of 3.6:1. Highest internal dome at Beauvais Cathedral at 48 meters (157 feet).
Light
One of the most distinctive characteristics of Gothic architecture is the expansive area of the windows in Sainte Chapelle and the very large size of many individual windows, as at York Minster, Gloucester Cathedral and Milan Cathedraldan on the use of stained glass windows in addition to the interior of the church. Increase in size between windows of Romanesque and Gothic periods associated with the use of ribbed vaults, and in particular, heavily ribbed vault which channeled to the pivot point support with less outward thrust of the dome half circle. The walls do not need to be so heavy.
Basic form Gothic arches and character styles
The simplest form is opened with a long pointed arch known in England as the scalpel. Lancet openings are often grouped, usually as a group of three or five. Lancet openings may be very narrow and steep points.
Equilateral arch
Many Gothic openings are based on the same side of the form. In other words, when the arch is drafted, the radius exactly wide open and the dome every coincide with the point from which the opposite arch springs. This makes the arch higher in relation to the width of the semi-circular arch which is exactly half the height for width. [7] The Arch gives a wide opening at the proportion of unsatisfactory useful for doors, decorative arcades and large windows.
Flamboyant arch
The Flamboyant Arch is one that is composed of four points, the top of each main arc turning upwards into a smaller arc and meeting at the fire, such as a sharp point. These arches create a rich and lively effect when used for jewelry and decoration window surface. The form is structurally weak and very rarely used for large openings except when contained in a larger and more stable arch. It is not employed at all for vaulting.
Depressed arch
The Depressed or four-centered arch is much broader than height and gives the visual effect that has been flat under pressure. Structure is achieved by drafting two arcs which rise steeply from popping up on every little point fingers and then turn into two arches with a wide radius and much lower point jump. Types of arches, while working as an open window, suitable for a very wide space, so long as it adequately supported by many narrow vertical shafts. It is also often braced with horizontal transoms. The overall effect produces a grid-like regular appearance, delicate, rectangular forms with an emphasis on the perpendicular. It is also used as a wall decoration in which arcade and window openings form part of the whole decorative surface.
Gothic in France
French Gothic architecture is a style of architecture prevalent in France from 1140 until about 1500. In French gothic classified in several styles: Sequence of Gothic styles: France Designations in the style of French Gothic architecture are as follows: early Gothic High Gothic Rayonnant End or Flamboyant Gothic style
Gothic In UK
English Gothic is the name of a style of architecture that flourished in England from about 1180 to about 1520. As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe, English Gothic is defined by pointed arches, domed roofs, buttresses, large windows, and the tower. in the English gothic style was introduced by the French. Beginning of the first in the gothic style called Gothic lancet Britons.
Gothic style in Italy
Imported gothic architecture in Italy , as in many other European countries . The Benedictine Cistercian order , through their new buildings , the main carrier of the new architectural style . It spread from Burgundy ( in what is now eastern France ) , their native region , for the rest of Western Europe . Such architecture is in fact already includes most of the new things that characterized the Gothic cathedral of Ile - de -France , but with softer , and somewhat " ascetic " , formal approach . figurative decorations prohibited . Stained glass window is reduced in size and color . verticalism is reduced . In the bell tower exterior and belfries were absent . Always present , however , is a square oval groin vaults and clustered piers , composed by an ensemble of smaller columns , which continues to move with a pillar - to - pillar rib cage . Capital has a very simple decoration , usually figurative . Stone - dressing is very accurate as well . The result is a quasi - modern hygiene , less embellishments . Cistercian architecture can be easily adapted , with slight modifications , the order needs such as Dominicans and Franciscans beggars , who lived in Italy a major expansion in Italy . Both strive to certain hygiene , if not poverty , in their buildings . They need a large naves and aisles to allow the faithful to follow the preachings and rites unhindered visual , as it happens not in the cathedral , there is lots of interior pilasters and choir , separated by a wall from the nave .
Gothic In Spanish
Spanish Gothic architecture is a style of architecture common in Spain in the Late Medieval period. Gothic style began in Spain as a result of the influence of Central Europe at the end of the twelfth century, while Romanesque interspersed with a few expressions of pure Gothic architecture. High Gothic arrived with all its power through the pilgimage, the Saint James Way, in the thirteenth century. Some of the purest Gothic cathedrals in Spain, with German and French influences, was built at this time. Sequence of Gothic styles in Spain The term Gothic architectural style in Spain is as follows. Date is approximate.
- Early Gothic (twelfth century)
- High Gothic (thirteenth century)
- Mudéjar Gothic (from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century)
- Levantino Gothic (fourteenth century)
- Flamboyan / Late Gothic (fifteenth century)
- Isabelline Gothic (fifteenth century)
